Micro-PIXE and micro-IBIL characterization of lapis lazuli samples from Myanmar mines and implications for provenance study

Abstract The provenance of raw lapis lazuli used since the Neolithic Age for realization carved artefacts can be pivoting reconstruction ancient trade routes. role main provider this material in times is generally attributed to Badakhshan quarries (Afghanistan), although other deposits could have been exploited as well antiquity. systematic multi-technique analysis rocks coming from four known source areas (located present-day Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Siberia and Chile) has led last years compilation a protocol determination. based on differences physical–chemical properties measured with non-invasive techniques (Ion Beam Analysis (IBA)), making it suitable also precious artefacts. In work, 10 new reference samples Mogok quarry (Myanmar), previously subjected complete petrographic mineralogical characterization, analysed employing $$\mu$$ ? -PIXE (Proton Induced X-ray Emission) -IBIL Luminescence) techniques. subdivision Myanmar into three groups, suggested, corroborated by diopside trace elements concentrations. results allow include analytical protocol, indicating that markers such presence/absence wollastonite, altered pyrites Sr content are still valid discriminate Chilean or Siberian ones. New weaker (Zn diopside, Se Cu contents pyrite) proposed discrimination Afghan Tajik provenances; however, arose need investigating mineral phases IBA find strong definitive Southwest Asia.